Article by Marije Osnabrugge
Every second week of September, a horse fair is held in Valkenburg, a small town just south of Leiden. Coincidentally, this week marks its 1079th edition, according to the website. First documented in 840, this yearly event is characterized by popular entertainment, social gathering, and trade, drawing visitors from nearby villages and cities, but also from far and abroad. We find numerous traces of the fair in the archives, as well as in the visual arts.

Village fairs had long been a popular topic for artists, perhaps most successfully in the oeuvre of Pieter Bruegel the Elder (fig. 1), who masterfully captured the merriment of such events.1 Seventeenth-century landscape painters, including Salomon van Ruysdael and Jan Van Goyen, made drawings and paintings depicting the Valkenburg horse fair (e.g. figs. 2 & 3). Phillips Wouwerman, renowned for his skills in painting horses in battle scenes and landscapes, also captured the scene (fig. 4). Adriaen van de Venne painted the fair in 1618 on an oblong oak panel (fig. 5).2 All these painters approached the subject from their own specialty, shifting the focus of the composition accordingly.



Fig. 2. Salomon van Ruysdael, The Horse Fair at Valkenburg, 1644, oil on canvas (105.3 x 131.4 cm), current location unknown, https://rkd.nl/images/72211.
Fig. 3. Jan van Goyen, The Horse Fair at Valkenburg, 1652, oil on panel (40 x 57 cm), private collection, https://rkd.nl/images/72231.
Fig. 4. Philips Wouwerman (attr.)The Horse Fair at Valkenburg, no date, oil on canvas (66 x 74 cm), location unknown, https://rkd.nl/images/72214.
With the exception of Van de Venne, these artists represented a generic recurrent happening in an easily recognizable location. Van de Venne’s version is the only one which instead depicted a specific historical event: the visit of Frederick Henry and Maurice of Nassau to the fair.3 In this gem, I will briefly consider the formal elements that set Van de Venne’s painting apart from the other representations of the Valkenburg horse fair, on the basis of early modern Dutch art theory.
Occasional depictions of historical events, including special celebrations and disasters, can be found throughout the history of art.4 It nevertheless seems that artists started to capture current events more frequently during the early modern period, arguably in parallel with the increased number of (illustrated) pamphlets and newsletters addressing the present.5 To depict such events, visual artists would naturally conceive of them as history paintings. In early modern Dutch art literature, theorists generally distinguish three types of history painting (i.e. a painting representing a story): mythological, biblical or religious, and worldly (waereldze) histories. In his Groot Schilderboek (1707/1712), Gerard de Lairesse moreover separates mythological and legendary stories from so-called ‘true histories’ (waare geschiedenissen) based on the Bible, the lives of saints, and history.6 No apparent difference is made between historical events from a distant (often ancient) or recent past in these art theoretical texts.
According to early modern Dutch art literature, the main aspects of a convincing history painting can be summarized as follows:
- The setting must be appropriate and recognizable in terms of location, time and circumstances.7
- An artist needs to understand the role and character of the people involved in a (hi)story, in order to capture their likeness and make them identifiable for the audience.
- The actions and emotions have to be represented appropriately for each character according to their role in the story.
- The history painter has to select the most appropriate moment in a story (the momentary action or occasion: oogenblikkelijke daad of zaak) that best captures its significance and turn it into a clear composition. Several theorists remind us that this makes the visual representation more challenging than a written history. Franciscus Junius cites Polystrates, who stated that a painting has to capture the past, the present, and the future in one image, whereas writers can describe all stages of a story.8
- All the elements of the painting must be plausible, on their own and together: ‘To start, one should hold onto the truth, or plausibility, and do not depict anything other than what is, or at least what can be.’9 Waerschijnelijkheyt is a complex concept referring to the appropriateness of all elements of the story, in terms of what was thought to be historically accurate and according to the status and role of the characters. If one of the elements does not comply to this criterium, the whole representation risks being deemed unnatural, failing its purpose of representing a ‘true history’. This plausibility is distinct from truth, as it involves the imagination of the artist and relies on their knowledge and understanding of the story rather than on direct observation of the event itself.
For pictures of the Valkenberg horse fair to be recognized as such, artists needed to observe the first point (1.). Indeed, in all the images evoked above, the weather seems appropriate for September; and they include the recognizable church tower of the town, tents and festivities of the fair, and of course horses. However, to capture the specific historical event of Frederick Henry and Maurice’s visit, Van de Venne made sure that the two men, seated in an ornate carriage, as well as the lord of the town and his wife (Johan de Hertoghe van Orsmael and his wife Josyna de Beye) to whom they pay their respect, would be identifiable to a contemporary audience (2.).10 Remarkably, the two eminent visitors are placed a bit in the background. Some other figures, like the horserider saluting the couple with a levade in the foreground, have not yet been identified by modern scholars, but contemporaries would likely have been able to recognize them by their distinct features.11 The painter has selected the exact moment in which the company greets the couple (4.), according to appropriate etiquette (3.). Lastly, the painter makes the scene plausible by adding all sorts of characters and objects that would be present at a horse fair (5.).

This depiction of a minor historical event thus followed the basic rules of history painting. The occasion appears to have been primarily – arguably even exclusively – of interest to De Hertoghe van Orsmael, for whom the visit of Frederick Henry and Maurice signified an acknowledgment of his status. For this reason, it has been suggested convincingly that he was the commissioner of the painting. We could argue that by following conventions that were traditionally applied to the most well-known and significant histories, the artist provided an air of importance to this episode of personal history.
To Come
Together with my colleagues in WP1, we are studying the visual and textual representation of the present (e.g. by Cordélia Floc’hic and Tilleane Charavel). In WP2, it is the notion of the event that takes center stage. This short overview of art theoretical ideas about history painting and the particular case of Van de Venne’s representation of the Valkenburg horse fair are part of the preparation of a chapter on ‘Time and Temporalities’ in the Dutch Republic.
- In the case of this drawing, the artist identified the location of the fair (Hoboken) on the back: ‘Dit es / […] / hoboken / […] / […]’. ↩︎
- For a description of the painting, see the Rijksmuseum catalogue entry by Yvette Bruynen (2007): https://id.rijksmuseum.nl/200108368, including bibliography. Unfortunately, the format and word limit of these gems does not allow for an in-depth analysis. ↩︎
- It would have taken the company approximately a thirty minute carriage ride from The Hague to get to the fair. ↩︎
- To evoke an interesting example, Joris Oddens recently presented the depiction a particularly significant meeting of the States General, at which occasion the sovereignty of the Dutch Republic was first acknowledged: https://doi.org/10.51750/emlc19457. ↩︎
- This observation deserves further substantiation. Within our project Marie Verbiest and Alexander Goderniaux are conducting extensive research of such sources. The conference of Marion Pouspin was equally inspiring. ↩︎
- Lairesse, GS, vol. I, 86. ↩︎
- Point 1, 2, and 3: Hoogstraten, 96: ‘Datmen voornamentlijk op drie dingen te letten heeft, waer van het eerste is, de personaedjen, die ontrent de geschiedenis bezich zijn, te kennen; […] Ten tweeden moetmen de daed der Historie wel deurgronden, en aen wie het doen of lijden meest belangt:[…] Ten derden moetmen op tijd, plaets, en omstandicheyt acht geven;[…].’ Lairesse emphasizes that the inclusion of people from all walks of life appropriate to the history will make the painting more convincing Lairesse, GS, I, 53). ↩︎
- Junius 1641, 303; Lairesse, GS, I, 142. ↩︎
- Hoogstraten, 93: ‘Eerstelijk zoo moetmen zich vast aen de waerheyt, of waerschijnelijkheyt houden, en niets anders uitbeelden, als dat is, of ten minsten zijn kan.’ ↩︎
- In 1618, De Hertoghe served as Quartermaster-General of the States army; he had bought a manor near Valkenburg in 1615 (see catalogue entry cited in note 2). ↩︎
- Perhaps the other depicted dignitaries also held public functions in the government. A trip to the fair would have constituted a welcome moment of relaxation. We should be reminded this is the time of the Twelve Year Truce in the war with Spain. ↩︎



















